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Hole Drilled to Bottom of Earthīs Crust, Breakthrough to Mantle Looms
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By Robert Roy Britt
LiveScience Senior Writer
posted: 07 April 2005
08:51 am ET
Scientist said this week they had drilled into the lower section of Earthīs crust for the first time and were poised to break through to the mantle in coming years.
The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) seeks the elusive "Moho," a boundary formally known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity. It marks the division between Earthīs brittle outer crust and the hotter, softer mantle.
The depth of the Moho varies. This latest effort, which drilled 4,644 feet (1,416 meters) below the ocean seafloor, appears to have been 1,000 feet off to the side of where it needed to be to pierce the Moho, according to one reading of seismic data used to map the crustīs varying thickness.
The new hole, which took nearly eight weeks to drill, is the third deepest ever made. The rock collection brought back to the surface is providing new information about the planetīs composition.
"It will provide important clues on how ocean crust forms," said Rodey Batiza, program director for ocean drilling at the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Already the types of rocks recovered show that conventional interpretation of Earthīs evolution are "oversimplifying many of the features of the oceans crust," said expedition leader Jay Miller of Texas A&M University. "Each time we drill a hole, we learn that Earths structure is more complex. Our understanding of how the Earth evolved is changing accordingly."
The latest drilling was done at the Atlantis Massif, located at the intersection of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Atlantis fracture zone, two plates of the planetīs broken crust. The seafloor is shallower at the center of this region and therefore easier to reach.
Itīs not clear yet whether drilling should continue at the new hole or if another one should be started in the effort the reach the mantle. Such work isnīt likely to begin again in the next year, said Barbara John, a University of Wyoming geologist and one of the co-chief scientists on the expedition.
"We need to evaluate all the data we have from the cruise and re-analyze the seismic data, to determine whether itīs better to deepen the current hole or drill elsewhere, or maybe even collect additional seismic data to better constrain where to drill," John told LiveScience. "Our major result is that weīve recovered the lower crust for the first time and have confirmed that the Earthīs crust at this locality is more complicated than we thought."
John said mantle material will be evident when and if itīs brought up because it will have different texture and chemistry and will contain different proportions of minerals compared with rock in the crust.
Drillers use the vessel JOIDES Resolution. The 10-year, $1.5 billion program is funded by the NSF and Japanīs Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology.
[link to www.livescience.com]
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