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*** Fukushima *** and other nuclear-----updates and links
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[quote:Citizenperth:MV8xNTM3MTQ2XzM4NzM1NDY0Xzg2RTI0NzMy] Awesome book put out by there military about radiation and safety.. puts a dent in the current logic... [snip] Radiation doses that exceed a minimum (threshold) level can cause undesirable effects such as depression of the blood cell-forming process (threshold dose = 500 mSv, 50 rem) or cataracts (threshold dose = 5,000 mSv, 500 rem). The scope and severity of these effects increases as the dose increases above the corresponding threshold. Radiation also can cause an increase in the incidence, but not the severity, of malignant disease (e.g., cancer). For this type of effect, it is the probability of occurrence that increases with dose rather than the severity. For radiation protection purposes it is assumed that any dose above zero can increase the risk of radiation-induced cancer (i.e., that there is no threshold). Epidemiologic studies have found that the estimated lifetime risk of dying from cancer is greater by about 0.004% per mSv (0.04% per rem) of radiation dose to the whole body (NRC, 1990). Radioactive sources can expose the body from outside (external doses, e.g., when a diagnostic x ray is taken), or from inside (internal doses, e.g., when radioactive materials are inhaled, ingested, or enter through wounds). Gamma and x-ray radiations (and, to a lesser extent, beta radiation) are the primary contributors to external doses. Alpha and beta radiations are much more important contributors to internal doses. Control measures to reduce or limit exposure to radiation must consider the circumstances and environment of the exposure. In discussing the influence of scenario on radiation controls, we use the ICRP (1991a, 1993) nomenclature—''intervention'' and "practice." A practice is an intentional activity in which the practitioner is routinely at risk of radiation exposure (e.g., the duties of x-ray technicians in hospitals and nuclear power plant workers). An intervention, by contrast, is an action taken to reduce radiation exposure, often by responding to an accident (e.g., the actions of firefighters who responded to the Chernobyl accident). A practice is characterized by well-defined radiation sources and work procedures; an intervention, by great uncertainty in both. The Army has previously published guidance for control of doses from routine occupational exposures to radiation and from those associated with nuclear war. The ACE Directive is an encouraging step in developing control measures for other situations. We realize that the Directive was meant for a specific mission (Bosnia) and that the Army recognizes its limitations. The improvements recommended by the committee should be viewed as constructive and in no way diminish the significant progress that the Army has made toward the control of the complete spectrum of radiation hazards on the battlefield and in nonwartime situations. While the ACE Directive is useful as a basis for establishing guidelines to protect soldiers from the adverse effects of radiation, the committee recommends that it be revised to assure completeness and clarity. [end sip] http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5853&page=3 [/quote]
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Daily updates pertaining to nuclear events.
Fukushima-Daiichi live view.
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link to www.tepco.co.jp
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