I can only speak for myself. I come at things from a slightly different angle. I will try to explain. However this is not an easy subject, and is easily hijacked into absurdity.

12USC governs banking.

The Federal Reserve is the agent of the U.S. Treasury in carrying out its borrowing powers in Article 1 section 8 clause 2. They also are the agent for the Treasuries distribution of coin authorized by Article 1 section 8 clause 5.

Your local branch bank is your agent for doing what you need done with your monetary needs. You cannot engage directly with the Federal Reserve. Your local bank as your agent fulfills that task.

Essentially they are (2 layers of) middlemen between you and the US Treasury.

Banks can buy paper aka good assets(corpbonds, checks, notes, USbonds, etc) and emit federal reserve notes for said purchase. The issuance of Federal reserve note ARE NOT controlled by Congress. They are authorized by them but not controlled by them. 12USC411 says so: "Federal reserve notes, to be issued at the discretion of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System"

When you present a check to the bank for deposit or cashing do you sign the back and hand it over? Congratulations you just created a taxable event. A check is a contract, a signature only is essentially saying to the bank "do whatever". The bank acting in its own interest buys your check and credits your account with bank credit or gives you federal reserve notes (bank credit). If you demanded current coin by your signature now you force the bank to send that check to the Fed who then gives the bank current coin that is deposited or handed out. If the Fed is low on coin they would send bank credit to the Treasury and they in turn would send newly minted coins to the Fed. The Fed has to buy coin AT FACE VALUE from the mint (not so for FRN's from the BEP, they only pay for printing costs). The Treasury gets to keep the seigniorage created from that transaction as instant profit to the government.

A dollar coin costs about 30 cents to mint and distribute. Meaning that if you demanded $1000 of coin, about $700 of that transaction would be instant profit to the government.

So going back to the taxable event. This precedes the 16th amendment. This only concerns the income tax on wages,tips,or other compensation. Not Corporate income or income derived from any source whatever.

Those are what I like to call the 3 separate primary income taxes.

So the Springer v. US (1881) income tax on wages. The Springer case was actually a twofer. It gave legitimacy to the income tax on wages. However it also started the movement towards the 16th amendment as the other part of the case dealing with taxes on rents,and investment income was eventually struck down in Pollock as a direct tax and then made legal again with the 16th amendment.

So the income tax on the wages part of the case actually got its footing from a case 12 years earlier. Veazie Bank v. Fenno (1869). Reading Springer doesn't tell you anything without keeping this case in mind. The holding as follows (my bolding and hints included)

"It cannot be doubted that under the Constitution the power to provide a circulation of coin is given to Congress. And it is settled by the uniform practice of the government and by repeated decisions, that Congress may constitutionally authorize the emission of bills of credit. ... Having thus, in the exercise of undisputed constitutional powers, undertaken to provide a currency for the whole country, it cannot be questioned that Congress may, constitutionally, secure the benefit of it to the people by appropriate legislation. To this end, Congress has denied the quality of legal tender to foreign coins, and has provided by law against the imposition of counterfeit and base coin on the community. To the same end, Congress may restrain (TAX), by suitable enactments (26 USC), the circulation as money of any notes not issued under its own authority. Without this power, indeed, its attempts to secure a sound and uniform currency for the country must be futile."

Any emission of bank credit that circulates as money is subject to the income tax under Springer and Veazie Bank. Federal Reserve Notes, physical or electronic fall into this category. COIN and UNITED STATES NOTES do not as they are directly emitted by the Treasury.

I would stick to coin and your demand. USN's IMO are not very well understood even though they are still authorized by current law but not issued.

So I don't really give a crap about the corp. structure of the banks or the federal reserve banks. The Fed is a quasi government/private corp. In one hand they facilitate some of the governments powers as their agent. In the other hand they are private for profit corporation. It really depends on which side of the fence you are interacting with.

I hope this helps you a little in your exploration of this subject. This represents my current thoughts on this subject. I could go on a lot more, but I won't.