Accretion and Nebular hypothesis refuted

[link to creation.com]

Kerridge and Vedder (1972, pp. 161–162) designed an experiment with silicate particles hitting each other at speeds of 1.5 to 9.5 km/s (typical of collisions in today’s asteroid belt) to test whether any sticking or impact welding occurred. They found none; the particles shattered.”4

Comet expert Fred Whipple7 described laboratory tests of Mayo Greenberg (1922–2001) at the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands attempting to simulate formation and growth of interstellar dust grains in molecular clouds.8,9 He exposed the types of gases in such a cloud at about 20K (–253oC) to ultraviolet radiation of an intensity thought to be similar to typical dim starlight. However, no coalescence of gas molecules occurred without imposing two artificial conditions: (1) use of a ‘cold finger’ (a surface super-cooled to cryogenic temperatures) as a nucleation site to initiate coalescence; and (2) use of gas concentrations higher than could actually exist in a molecular cloud. The second condition was especially important, because molecular clouds have too low a gas concentration to allow spontaneous nucleation even at a temperature as low as 20K.

Instead, the concept of gravitational instabilities was introduced to explain how colliding particles might be forced to adhere despite their natural tendency not to. Goldreich and Ward claimed, “izable planetesimals can accrete directly from dust grains by … gravitational instabilities.” They continued, “Thus, the fate of planetary accretion no longer appears to hinge on the stickiness of the surfaces of dust particles.”12 So the obstacle of colliding particles not sticking was overcome. Or was it? In a staggering admission, Goldreich and Ward concluded:

“Although we have dismissed the sticking of dust grains as unnecessary to the planetary accretion process, there is a more fundamental reason for disregarding it altogether. That is, even if the dust grains tended to stick together upon impact, the growth of solid bodies by this process would be much slower than by the gravitational instabilities we have described.”12

Maxwell discredited the nebular hypothesis by considering the processes forming Saturn’s rings; “he showed that the tendency toward conglomeration into a single satellite, suggested by the nebular hypothesis, would be effectively counteracted by the dynamical factors involved in the revolution of the particles around the central massive body.”30 Thus the debris in Saturn’s rings could never coalesce into a single moon, because the forces of dissolution outranked the forces of attraction. What was true of Saturn’s rings would also be true for the solar system. The sun, planets and moons could never have formed from coalescing gas and dust because the forces of dissolution are too strong. Maxwell knew that he had demolished the credibility of the nebular hypothesis31; describing Saturn’s rings, he wrote:

“We have now to take account of variations in the form and arrangement of the parts of the ring, as well as its motion as a whole, and we have as yet no security that these variations may not accumulate till the ring entirely loses its original form, and collapses into one or more satellites, circulating around Saturn. In fact such a result is one of the leading doctrines of the ‘nebular theory’ of the formation of planetary systems …”32



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