^ she talks about cloning genes as the same as transfection


Shuttle vectors for Candida albicans: control of plasmid copy number and elevated expression of cloned genes
[link to pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (secure)]

linear plasmids are the elongated curved pictures you see when they show viruses, like ebola or e-coli. Circular plasmids could be what they are replicating in the disk things seen under a microscope. Craig Venter synthetic plasmids

Autonomously Replicating Linear Plasmids That Facilitate the Analysis of Replication Origin Function in Candida albicans
[link to journals.asm.org (secure)]

Genetic Modification of Closely Related Candida Species
[link to www.frontiersin.org (secure)]

Scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, ... cut out of circular genetic elements called plasmids by restriction enzymes
[link to www.nature.com (secure)]

Aug 21, 2009 — J. Craig Venter Institute Researchers Clone and Engineer Bacterial Genomes in Yeast and Transplant Genomes Back Into Bacterial Cells.
[link to www.fiercebiotech.com (secure)]

...proof of editing genes. Craig Venter employed Gooooble programmers to write AI to code genes years ago, leading up to CRIPR