"Often, patients are not made aware of these side effects before choosing to go forward with the notoriously complicated surgeries.

The most commonly reported issues are pain (53.5 percent), bleeding (42.5 percent), and dilation issues (46.3 percent), but there were a significant amount of respondents who reported sexual problems (33.8 percent), poorly healing wounds (21.3 percent), and difficulty urinating (22.5 percent).

According to the study, these issues are classified as “minor” but have the potential to worsen into more significant medical problems.

Many skeptical of the surgeries and their mental health effects say they often do not achieve the goals hoped for by those with gender dysphoria.

“It is quite clear from the most up-to-date studies that vaginoplasty and other genital surgeries don’t work in the way that people hope they will,” Genspect director and psychotherapist Stella O’Malley said."

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